ISBN: 9780141993515 Title: Command: The Politics of Military Operations from Korea to Ukraine Author: FREEDMAN LAWRENCE
Using examples from a wide variety of conflicts, Lawrence Freedman shows that successful military command depends on the ability not only to use armed forces effectively but also to understand the political circumstances in which they are operating.
Command in war is about forging effective strategies and implementing them, making sure that orders are appropriate, well communicated, and then obeyed. But it is also an intensely political process. This is because of the importance of war aims and how they are set, as well as the need to work with other command structures, including those of other branches of the armed forces and allies. In this innovative study, Lawrence Freedman explores the importance of political as well as operational considerations in command with a series of vivid case studies, all taken from the period after 1945. Over this period the risks of nuclear escalation led to a shift away from great power confrontations, and towards civil wars.
The chapters cover defeats as well as victories. Pakistani generals try to avoid surrender as they lose the eastern part of their country to India in 1971. Iraq's Saddam Hussein turns his defeats into triumphant narratives of victory. Osama bin Laden escapes the Americans in Afghanistan in 2001. The UK struggles as a junior partner to the US in Iraq after 2003. We come across insubordinate generals, such as Israel's Arik Sharon, and those in the French army in Algeria, so frustrated with their political leadership that they twice tried to change it. At the other end of the scale Che Guevara in Congo in 1966 and Igor Girkin in Ukraine in 2014 both try to spark local wars to suit their grandiose objectives.
var et_link_options_data = [{"class":"et_pb_text_6_tb_footer","url":"mailto:wellington@unitybooks.co.nz","target":"_self"},{"class":"et_pb_text_8_tb_footer","url":"http:\/\/unitybooks.nz\/contact-us\/faqs\/","target":"_blank"},{"class":"et_pb_text_9_tb_footer","url":"https:\/\/unitybooks.co.nz\/pridelands-help-100\/","target":"_self"}];
(function () {
var c = document.body.className;
c = c.replace(/woocommerce-no-js/, 'woocommerce-js');
document.body.className = c;
})();
var wc_add_to_cart_params = {"ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","wc_ajax_url":"\/?wc-ajax=%%endpoint%%","i18n_view_cart":"View cart","cart_url":"https:\/\/unitybooks.co.nz\/cart\/","is_cart":"","cart_redirect_after_add":"no"};
var wc_single_product_params = {"i18n_required_rating_text":"Please select a rating","review_rating_required":"yes","flexslider":{"rtl":false,"animation":"slide","smoothHeight":true,"directionNav":false,"controlNav":"thumbnails","slideshow":false,"animationSpeed":500,"animationLoop":false,"allowOneSlide":false},"zoom_enabled":"1","zoom_options":[],"photoswipe_enabled":"1","photoswipe_options":{"shareEl":false,"closeOnScroll":false,"history":false,"hideAnimationDuration":0,"showAnimationDuration":0},"flexslider_enabled":"1"};
var wc_cart_fragments_params = {"ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","wc_ajax_url":"\/?wc-ajax=%%endpoint%%","cart_hash_key":"wc_cart_hash_90e5735cc1f9166bf5f4ff56d33eadb4","fragment_name":"wc_fragments_90e5735cc1f9166bf5f4ff56d33eadb4","request_timeout":"5000"};
var awdr_params = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/unitybooks.co.nz\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"9d81120b5b","enable_update_price_with_qty":"show_when_matched","refresh_order_review":"0","custom_target_simple_product":"","custom_target_variable_product":"","js_init_trigger":"","awdr_opacity_to_bulk_table":"","awdr_dynamic_bulk_table_status":"0","awdr_dynamic_bulk_table_off":"on","custom_simple_product_id_selector":"","custom_variable_product_id_selector":""};
var wc_stripe_payment_request_params = {"ajax_url":"\/?wc-ajax=%%endpoint%%","stripe":{"key":"pk_live_51JTzUBIB197v8sCoScgBC3vpAdEkYdSgNMcc1cQFhjzks9y9r7Ujmc1sTjL5pdmjxN1PYhqh16ESNPUgS03jCm3L00E1YtMlaQ","allow_prepaid_card":"yes","locale":"en","is_link_enabled":false,"is_payment_request_enabled":true},"nonce":{"payment":"57b256de1d","shipping":"f0c7232476","update_shipping":"df03e22148","checkout":"9bf14e6514","add_to_cart":"bde07a2671","get_selected_product_data":"289756ea17","log_errors":"8d8a069a92","clear_cart":"ae35fdd264"},"i18n":{"no_prepaid_card":"Sorry, we're not accepting prepaid cards at this time.","unknown_shipping":"Unknown shipping option \"[option]\"."},"checkout":{"url":"https:\/\/unitybooks.co.nz\/checkout\/","currency_code":"nzd","country_code":"NZ","needs_shipping":"no","needs_payer_phone":true},"button":{"type":"buy","theme":"dark","height":"40","locale":"en","branded_type":"long","css_selector":"","label":"","is_custom":false,"is_branded":false},"login_confirmation":"","is_product_page":"1","product":{"shippingOptions":{"id":"pending","label":"Pending","detail":"","amount":0},"displayItems":[{"label":"Command: The Politics of Military Operations from Korea to Ukraine","amount":3000},{"label":"Shipping","amount":0,"pending":true}],"total":{"label":" (via WooCommerce)","amount":3000},"requestShipping":true,"currency":"nzd","country_code":"NZ"}};
var DIVI = {"item_count":"%d Item","items_count":"%d Items"};
var et_builder_utils_params = {"condition":{"diviTheme":true,"extraTheme":false},"scrollLocations":["app","top"],"builderScrollLocations":{"desktop":"app","tablet":"app","phone":"app"},"onloadScrollLocation":"app","builderType":"fe"};
var et_frontend_scripts = {"builderCssContainerPrefix":"#et-boc","builderCssLayoutPrefix":"#et-boc .et-l"};
var et_pb_custom = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/unitybooks.co.nz\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","images_uri":"https:\/\/unitybooks.co.nz\/wp-content\/themes\/Divi\/images","builder_images_uri":"https:\/\/unitybooks.co.nz\/wp-content\/themes\/Divi\/includes\/builder\/images","et_frontend_nonce":"bdf4d1a8fd","subscription_failed":"Please, check the fields below to make sure you entered the correct information.","et_ab_log_nonce":"eeaf64d9c3","fill_message":"Please, fill in the following fields:","contact_error_message":"Please, fix the following errors:","invalid":"Invalid email","captcha":"Captcha","prev":"Prev","previous":"Previous","next":"Next","wrong_captcha":"You entered the wrong number in captcha.","wrong_checkbox":"Checkbox","ignore_waypoints":"no","is_divi_theme_used":"1","widget_search_selector":".widget_search","ab_tests":[],"is_ab_testing_active":"","page_id":"729915","unique_test_id":"","ab_bounce_rate":"5","is_cache_plugin_active":"yes","is_shortcode_tracking":"","tinymce_uri":""};
var et_pb_box_shadow_elements = [];
var wc_stripe_params = {"title":"Credit Card (Stripe)","key":"pk_live_51JTzUBIB197v8sCoScgBC3vpAdEkYdSgNMcc1cQFhjzks9y9r7Ujmc1sTjL5pdmjxN1PYhqh16ESNPUgS03jCm3L00E1YtMlaQ","i18n_terms":"Please accept the terms and conditions first","i18n_required_fields":"Please fill in required checkout fields first","updateFailedOrderNonce":"9fa796b55b","updatePaymentIntentNonce":"af7a0d8916","orderId":"0","checkout_url":"\/?wc-ajax=checkout","stripe_locale":"en","no_prepaid_card_msg":"Sorry, we're not accepting prepaid cards at this time. Your credit card has not been charged. Please try with alternative payment method.","no_sepa_owner_msg":"Please enter your IBAN account name.","no_sepa_iban_msg":"Please enter your IBAN account number.","payment_intent_error":"We couldn't initiate the payment. Please try again.","sepa_mandate_notification":"email","allow_prepaid_card":"yes","inline_cc_form":"no","is_checkout":"no","return_url":"https:\/\/unitybooks.co.nz\/checkout\/order-received\/?utm_nooverride=1","ajaxurl":"\/?wc-ajax=%%endpoint%%","stripe_nonce":"fafba6d1b0","statement_descriptor":"","elements_options":[],"sepa_elements_options":{"supportedCountries":["SEPA"],"placeholderCountry":"NZ","style":{"base":{"fontSize":"15px"}}},"invalid_owner_name":"Billing First Name and Last Name are required.","is_change_payment_page":"no","is_add_payment_page":"no","is_pay_for_order_page":"no","elements_styling":"","elements_classes":"","add_card_nonce":"51e1710025","create_payment_intent_nonce":"7633ce5f62","cpf_cnpj_required_msg":"CPF\/CNPJ is a required field","invalid_number":"The card number is not a valid credit card number.","invalid_expiry_month":"The card's expiration month is invalid.","invalid_expiry_year":"The card's expiration year is invalid.","invalid_cvc":"The card's security code is invalid.","incorrect_number":"The card number is incorrect.","incomplete_number":"The card number is incomplete.","incomplete_cvc":"The card's security code is incomplete.","incomplete_expiry":"The card's expiration date is incomplete.","expired_card":"The card has expired.","incorrect_cvc":"The card's security code is incorrect.","incorrect_zip":"The card's zip \/ postal code failed validation.","postal_code_invalid":"Invalid zip code, please correct and try again","invalid_expiry_year_past":"The card's expiration year is in the past","card_declined":"The card was declined.","missing":"There is no card on a customer that is being charged.","processing_error":"An error occurred while processing the card.","invalid_sofort_country":"The billing country is not accepted by Sofort. Please try another country.","email_invalid":"Invalid email address, please correct and try again.","invalid_request_error":"Unable to process this payment, please try again or use alternative method.","amount_too_large":"The order total is too high for this payment method","amount_too_small":"The order total is too low for this payment method","country_code_invalid":"Invalid country code, please try again with a valid country code","tax_id_invalid":"Invalid Tax Id, please try again with a valid tax id"};